Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem autoimmune disease where autoantibodies attack various tissues, leading to widespread inflammation. It commonly affects the skin, joints, kidneys (lupus nephritis), blood cells, heart, lungs, and central nervous system. Symptoms vary greatly but often include fatigue, joint pain and swelling, fever, malar (butterfly) rash across the cheeks, photosensitivity, hair loss, mouth ulcers, and Raynaud’s phenomenon. Genetic predisposition (complement deficiencies, HLA genes), female sex (9:1 ratio), and environmental triggers (UV light, infections, certain drugs) are key factors. Prevalence: Estimated at 20–150 cases per 100,000 people worldwide; in the US, approximately 1.5 million people are affected.